Deficiencia de hierro y anemia en tercer trimestre

[Iron deficiency and anemia in third trimester]

Kenneth Bermudez Salas1, Sofía Córdoba-Vives2, Manrique Leal-Mateos1

1. Servicio de Medicina Materno Fetal, Hospital Calderón Guardia, San José, Costa Rica; 2. Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Calderón Guardia, San José, Costa Rica;

Publicado: 2023-09-10

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Resumen

Introducción: La anemia es endémica alrededor del mundo, siendo un problema de salud pública con importantes consecuencias socioeconómicas. Costa Rica se encuentra entre los países con menor prevalencia de anemia en mujeres de edad fértil de la región, sin embargo, no cuenta con estadística asociada al embarazo donde es reconocido que el riesgo de deficiencia de hierro y anemia por deficiencia de hierro aumentan conforme avanza la gestación. Nuestra institución no cuenta con un programa de tamizaje universal que asegure la adecuada captación y tratamiento de pacientes con déficit de hierro y anemia por deficiencia de hierro, por lo que se considera un problema común y subestimado.

Metodología: El presente estudio observacional descriptivo-retrospectivo de tipo exploratorio analiza la población obstétrica con deficiencia de hierro y anemia por deficiencia de hierro durante el tercer trimestre de embarazo con el fin de identificar grupos epidemiológicamente vulnerables, estimar la prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro y anemia por deficiencia de hierro, las medidas terapéuticas tomadas durante el embarazo y su evolución clínica.

 

Resultados: Se estudiaron un total de 153 pacientes mediante un muestreo continuo no probabilístico a partir de datos tomados de la consulta prenatal de alto riesgo de pacientes con el antecedente de deficiencia de hierro y/o anemia por deficiencia de hierro documentada durante el tercer trimestre de embarazo del 1 de enero 2018 al 31 de octubre 2021 en el Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, acorde a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos.

 

Conclusiones: Se demostró una alta prevalencia de déficit de hierro y anemia ferropénica en la población analizada, tendencia a mayor riesgo de hemorragia posparto, transfusión e histerectomía, una disminución estadísticamente significativa del peso fetal, y una tendencia no significativa a presentar prematuridad y necesidad de reanimación neonatal en recién nacidos de madres con anemia ferropénica. Si bien no se demostró una relación causal entre la anemia ferropénica y la prematuridad, los resultados de este estudio coinciden con lo observado en investigaciones similares.


Abstract

Introduction: Anemia is endemic around the world, being a public health problem with important socioeconomic consequences. Costa Rica is among the countries with the lowest prevalence of anemia in women of childbearing age in the region; however, it does not have statistics associated with pregnancy where it is recognized that the risk of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia increases as gestation progresses. Our institution does not have a universal screening program to ensure the adequate recruitment and treatment of patients with iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, so it is considered a common and underestimated problem.

Methodology: The present descriptive-retrospective exploratory observational study analyzes the obstetric population with iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia during the third trimester of pregnancy in order to identify epidemiologically vulnerable groups, estimate the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, the therapeutic measures taken during pregnancy and its clinical evolution.

Results: A total of 153 patients were studied by continuous non-probabilistic sampling from data taken from the high-risk prenatal consultation of patients with a history of iron deficiency and/or iron deficiency anemia documented during the third trimester of pregnancy from January 1, 2018 to October 31, 2021 at the Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, according to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Conclusions: A high prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia was demonstrated in the population analyzed, a tendency to a higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion and hysterectomy, a statistically significant decrease in fetal weight, and a non-significant tendency to present prematurity and need for neonatal resuscitation in newborns born to mothers with iron deficiency anemia. Although a causal relationship between iron deficiency anemia and prematurity was not demonstrated, the results of this study are consistent with those observed in similar investigations.

Citas

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